Dear Gail,
We'll look forward very much to your material for the Frankfurt Book Fair. It will give a unique flavour to our stand which, I'm sure, visitors will appreciate.
So far as I'm aware, there will be no identifiable PNG stand; but there will be at least 66 explicitly Australian stands and some others with a dual personality. The Australians especially will be interested in the PNG material but so will many others. I'll be meeting them all, as a group, on Thursday 9 October.
The legal age for active service was, as I recall, 18; and, I think, "men" were not to be be sent into an active service area until they were at least 19.
But don't forget that this was 1942 - just months after Pearl Harbour in December 1941. All our effective army, navy and air force was overseas. We had nothing to stop the Japs at home, except untrained youngsters and old men.
So those responsible for recruiting were not too fussed about age. If the kid looked big enough and strong enough and he seemed to have two arms and two legs and could more or less see his way around, then he was in.
Parents could object - even in 1942 - but few of them seem to have done so.
So underage kids were pretty numerous in New Guinea and elsewhere in the
critical days after Pearl Harbour.
This is confirmed in the Official History of the Second World War. You will see in McCarthy's volume dealing with the Pacific War, including New Guinea, that he records that the average age of several platoons of the 39th Battalion in 1942 was only 18. That means that many members of those platoons must have been under 18, many of them well under 18.
I confirmed this myself when I was in a field hospital - that means rough tents out in the bush/jungle - up in the mountains about the middle of 1942.
We had a wide range of injuries and illnesses and we didn't get much effective treatment. Almost no medical officers - doctors - and only very roughly trained "nurses." There were no white females in New Guinea at that time, except a few brave nuns, some of whom were murdered, in cold blood, by the Japs when they landed at Buna in July 1942. The male "nurses" were decent blokes and did their best but you lived or died mainly according to your own powers of recovery.
We had little to do while we waited to depart from the "hospital" one way or the other, so we used to discuss what we'd done before we were in the army, what we hoped to do when we got out of the army and, of course, where we came from and how old we were. I was still a teenager but only just. One other "old" fellow was 21.
Everyone else was younger than I was. Ages ranged down to a big lad of 15 who, despite his age, looked as though he could eat a couple of Japs raw if they ever let him get close enough.
Obviously, he, like many others, had told the team at the recruitment centre that he was 18 - or even more - and no one had any interest in not accepting what he claimed.
Few people in Australia now - of the younger generations - understand just how desperate a situation it was in 1942. I was a university student, resident at King's College in Brisbane. I remember our planning the guerilla war we would fight when, as seemed inevitable, the Japanese landed, and overran large parts of the country. That was the period of the "Brisbane Line" - a strategy some of our military and political people had at that time to abandon Australia north of Brisbane and try to defend the rest of the country.
Not only were our effective forces overseas, but we had practically no arms, armour or aircraft. A couple of squadrons of brave young airmen committed suicide by flying Wirraways against Jap Zeros in the impossible defence of Rabaul in January 1942. We trained without rifles or bayonets of our own.
Rifles were shared to give us a bit of firing practice and the same with a stint of bayonet training. Most were issued with their own rifles and bayonets only when they were about to board the troop train to travel north.
I was in the area inland from Moresby from early June 1942, until July 1943. I then returned to Australia on leave and in camp in northern Queensland until September 1943 when I went to Merauke, then the only small part of what was then Dutch New Guinea still nominally in the hands of the Dutch. (Actually, it
was held by a fairly small force of Australians called Merauke Force.)
I stayed there until March 1944 when I was summoned down to Townsville to be
interviewed for appointment to the then fledgeling Australian diplomatic
service. In April 1944, I was discharged from the army and went to Canberra.
I was then 21.
You may well be right that Kokoda might be "the next Gallipoli." There aren't too many Gallipoli vets left - if, indeed, any.
The only trouble with Kokoda is that, although it was one hell of a scramble,
it was a victory.
We won.Anyway, the Japs were turned back and the retreat that started then - and at
Milne Bay - never stopped until the Japs were safely back in Tokyo.
We tend to glorify defeats rather than victories - Gallipoli, therefore, rather than Kokoda.However, I think it would be great if Kokoda were to become a focus of national remembrance. We had the support too of the Papua New Guinea people themselves - who were of course abominably treated by the Japanese. It is not inconceivable that, if the Japs had been more caring of the local people, they might even have managed to reach Moresby - although I believe that, if it had ever come to that ultimate battle, we would have prevailed.
Above all, though, I remember the kids who were there. They didn't see themselves as heroes - quite the contrary - but they acted, unwittingly, as though they were of the stuff of heroes and, against all the odds, they won.In a very real sense, they "saved" Australia. In any event, most of us, at the time,
believed that they had.
It would be pleasing if, not only the Australians, but also other people around the world, were to give them the credit which they so thoroughly deserve.I loved the photos and the banner. You're doing a wonderful job.
Please pass my best wishes to the Trekkers when you see them next.
All best wishes to you of course too and, again, thanks.
James Cumes
http://www.crystaldreamspub.com/bios/authors/A-E/cumes_j.htmhttp://VictoryOverWant.orgEditors Note: This an email I received from James that opened 'my' eyes to what really happened back then. As I walked around the Bomana Cemetery last Saturday, 27th September, the ages of the young guys who are buried there was already sad enough, however when I read the email from James who obviously had first hand experience of what really went on back then.....I immediately had goose bumps as I thought to those brave young guys and thought you the world should read this as well. Thank you James for opening our eyes as to what really happened back in 1942.
From now on will be logged in as "Boss Meri" which is how I am referred to by our PNG Staff